Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka glacial acetic acid

Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka glacial acetic acid

Acetic acid, kapaiaʻakika acetic, ʻakika acetic glacial, ʻano kimekiCH3COOH, he ʻakika monic organik a me ke kaulahao pōkole saturated fatty acid, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka waikawa a me ka ʻala ʻala i loko o ka vīneka. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ua kapa ʻia ʻo "ʻakika acetic", akā ua kapa ʻia ka ʻakika acetic maʻemaʻe a kokoke i anhydrous (emi ma lalo o 1% wai) "ʻakika acetic glacial", he paʻa hygroscopic kala ʻole me kahi kiko hau o 16 a 17° C (62° F), a ma hope o ka paʻa ʻana, he aniani kala ʻole. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻakika acetic he ʻakika nāwaliwali, he mea ʻino ia, ʻo kona mahu e hoʻonāukiuki i ka maka a me ka ihu, a ʻala ʻono a ʻawaʻawa.

mōʻaukala

Ke koi makahiki honua noʻakika acetic aia ma kahi o 6.5 miliona tons. ʻO kēia, ma kahi o 1.5 miliona tons e hana hou ʻia a ʻo ke koena 5 miliona mau tons e hana pololei ʻia mai nā meaʻai petrochemical a i ʻole ma o ka fermentation biological.

ʻO kaʻakika acetic glacial Hiki ke loaʻa nā hua bacteria fermenting (Acetobacter) ma kēlā me kēia kihi o ka honua, a loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lāhui ka vīnega i ka wā e hana ai i ka waina - ʻo ia ka huahana kūlohelohe o kēia mau mea inu ʻona i ʻike ʻia i ka lewa. No ka laʻana, ma Kina, aia kekahi ʻōlelo i loaʻa i ke keiki a Du Kang, ʻo Black Tower, ka vīneka no ka mea ua hana ʻo ia i ka waina no ka lōʻihi loa.

Ka hoohana ana oʻakika acetic glacialma ka kemika mai ka wa kahiko loa. I ke kenekulia 3 BC, ua wehewehe ʻo Theophrastus Greek philosopher i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka acetic acid me nā metala e hana ai i nā puaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kiʻi, me ke kēpau keʻokeʻo (lead carbonate) a me ka patina (kahi hui ʻana o nā paʻakai keleawe me ka acetate keleawe). Ua hoʻolapalapa ka poʻe Roma kahiko i ka waina ʻawaʻawa i loko o nā pahu kepau e hana ai i ka syrup momona i kapa ʻia ʻo sapa. Ua waiwai ka sapa i ke koʻa kepau ʻala, ka acetate, ka mea i make ai ke kepau ma waena o nā aliʻi Roma. I ke kenekulia 8, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka mea alchemist Persian ʻo Jaber i ka acetic acid i loko o ka vīneka ma ka distillation.

I ka makahiki 1847, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Adolf Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe i ka ʻakika acetic mai nā mea waiwai ʻole no ka manawa mua. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o kēia hopena ʻo ka carbon disulfide mua ma o ka chlorination i ka carbon tetrachloride, a ukali ʻia e ka decomposition kiʻekiʻe-mehana o ka tetrachlorethylene ma hope o ka hydrolysis, a me ka chlorination, pēlā e hana ai i ka trichloroacetic acid, ka hana hope loa ma ka hoʻemi electrolytic e hana i ka acetic acid.

I ka makahiki 1910, ʻo ka hapa nui o nāʻakika acetic glacial ua unuhi ʻia mai loko mai o ka lāʻau lanahu mai ka lāʻau hou. ʻO ka mea mua, mālama ʻia ka pā lanahu me ka calcium hydroxide, a laila hoʻohui ʻia ka calcium acetate me ka sulfuric acid e loaʻa ai ka acetic acid i loko. Ma kahi o 10,000 tons o ka glacial acetic acid i hana ʻia ma Kelemania i kēia manawa, 30% o ia mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka wai indigo.

hoomakaukau ana

ʻakika acetic glacial hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka synthesis artificial a me ka fermentation bacteria. I kēia lā, ʻo ka biosynthesis, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bacterial fermentation, he 10% wale nō o ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka honua, akā ʻo ia ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka hana ʻana i ka vīnega, no ka mea, koi nā kānāwai palekana meaʻai ma nā ʻāina he nui e hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka vīneka i loko o ka meaʻai. 75% oʻakika acetic no ka hana ʻoihana hana ʻia e ka carbonylation o ka methanol. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana hakahaka e nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe.

hoʻohana

ʻakika acetic glacial he ʻakika carboxylic maʻalahi, aia i hoʻokahi pūʻulu methyl a me hoʻokahi pūʻulu carboxylic, a he mea hoʻohui kemika koʻikoʻi. I ka ʻoihana kemika, hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka polyethylene terephthalate, ka mea nui o nā hue inu.ʻakika acetic glacial hoʻohana pū ʻia e hana i ka cellulose acetate no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka polyvinyl acetate no nā lāʻau adhesives, a me ka nui o nā fiber synthetic a me nā lole. I ka home, e hoʻoheheʻe i ka hopena o ʻakika acetic glacialhoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe. I ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka waikawa acetic ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono acidity i ka papa inoa additives meaʻai E260.

ʻakika acetic glacialʻo ia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika kumu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pūhui he nui. ʻO ka hoʻohana hoʻokahi o ʻakika acetic ʻo ia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka monomer vinyl acetate, a ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka acetic anhydride a me nā esters ʻē aʻe. ʻO kaʻakika acetic i loko o ka vīnega he hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō ia o nā mea a pauʻakika acetic glacial.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻonā acetic acid i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoneʻe ʻōpala ma muli o kona ʻakika māmā. Hoʻohana pū ʻia kona ʻakika no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e Cubomedusae a, inā hoʻohana ʻia i ka manawa, hiki ke pale i ka hōʻeha koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka make ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pūnae hoʻoheheʻe o ka jellyfish. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomākaukau no ka mālama ʻana i ka otitis externa me Vosol.Acetic acid Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopololei e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi bacteria a me nā fungi.