E aʻo i ka hopena o ka waika formic i ka silage

He ʻokoʻa ka paʻakikī o ka silage ma muli o nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, ka pae ulu a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kemika. No ka kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu paʻakikī ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia (ka ʻiʻo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka nui o ka wai, ka paʻa kiʻekiʻe), hiki ke hoʻohana maʻamau i ka silage semi-maloʻo, ka silage hui ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohui.

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka methyl (ant) acid silage he ala hoʻohana nui ʻia o ka silage acid ma waho. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Norewai ma kahi o 70 silageʻakika formic, ʻO ka United Kingdom mai ka makahiki 1968 ua hoʻohana nui ʻia, ʻo kāna dosage he 2.85 kg no ka ton o ka silage raw material i hoʻohui ʻia.85 waika formic, ʻO ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēlā me kēia tona o ka silage maka i hoʻohui ʻia he 90 formic acid 4.53 kg. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ka nui oʻakika formicʻokoʻa me kona manaʻo, ka paʻakikī o ka silage a me ke kumu o ka silage, a ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana he 0.3 a 0.5 o ke kaumaha o ka silage maka, a i ʻole 2 a 4ml/kg.

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ʻakika formic he ʻakika ikaika i loko o nā ʻakika organik, a he hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika, he huahana ia o ka coking. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana oʻakika formic ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻakika inorganic e like me H2SO4 a me HCl, no ka mea, loaʻa i nā ʻakika inorganic nā hopena acidifying wale nō, a ʻakika formic ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻemi wale i ka waiwai pH o ka silage, akā ke kāohi pū i ka hanu mea kanu a me nā microorganisms maikaʻi ʻole (Clostridium, bacillus a me kekahi mau hua bacteria gram-negative) fermentation. Kahi mea hou aʻe,ʻakika formic hiki ke decomposed i non-toxic CO2 a me CH4 i loko o ka holoholona i ka silage a me ka rumen digestion, aʻakika formic Hiki ke hoʻopili a hoʻohana ʻia iā ia iho. ʻO ka silage i hana ʻia me ka formic acid he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻala a me ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka nalowale o ka decomposition protein he 0.3 ~ 0.5 wale nō, ʻoiai ʻo ka silage maʻamau a hiki i ka 1.1 ~ 1.3. Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waikawa formic i ka alfalfa a me ka clover silage, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka fiber crude e 5.2 ~ 6.4, a ua hydrolyzed ka fiber crude i hoʻemi ʻia i loko o ka oligosaccharides, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia e nā holoholona, ​​ʻoiai ua hoʻemi wale ʻia ka fiber crude maʻamau. na 1.1~1.3. Eia hou, hoʻohuiʻakika formichiki i ka silage ke hoʻolilo i ka nalo o ka carotene, ka huaora C, ka calcium, ka phosphorus a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka silage maʻamau.

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2.1 Ka hopena o ka waika formic ma ka pH

ʻOiaiʻakika formic ʻo ia ka acidic loa o ka ʻohana fatty acid, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali ma mua o nā waikawa inorganic i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina AIV. No ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka pH o nā mea kanu i lalo o 4.0,ʻakika formic ʻAʻole hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka nui. Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waika formic ke hoʻemi koke i ka waiwai pH ma ka pae mua o ka silage, akā he mau hopena like ʻole i ka waiwai pH hope o ka silage. ʻO ke degere e hiki aiʻakika formic Hoʻololi ʻia ka pH e nā kumu he nui. Ua emi ka nui o ka lactic acid bacteria (LAB) i ka hapalua a ua hoʻonui iki ka pH o ka silage ma ka hoʻohui ʻana85 waika formic4ml/kg no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana. I ka manawa ʻakika formic (5ml/kg) i hoʻohui ʻia i ka silage forage, ua emi ka LAB e 55 a ua piʻi ka pH mai 3.70 a i 3.91. Ka hopena maʻamau oʻakika formic ma luna o ka silage mea maka me ka haʻahaʻa wai hoʻoheheʻe carbohydrate maʻiʻo (WSC). I loko o kēia noiʻi ʻana, mālama lākou i ka alfalfa silage me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (1.5ml/kg), waena (3.0ml/kg), a me nā pae kiʻekiʻe (6.0ml/kg).85 waika formic. Nā hualoaʻa Ua emi ka pH ma mua o ko ka hui hoʻomalu, akā me ka hoʻonui oʻakika formicka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ua emi ka pH mai 5.35 a i 4.20. No nā mea kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e like me nā mauʻu leguminous, pono ʻoi aku ka waika e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pH i ka pae i makemake ʻia. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka pae hoʻohana kūpono o ka alfalfa he 5 ~ 6ml/kg.

 2.2 Nā hopena oʻakika formic ma ka microflora

E like me nā ʻakika momona ʻē aʻe, ka hopena antibacterial oʻakika formic ma muli o nā hopena ʻelua, ʻo kekahi ka hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka hydrogen ion, a ʻo kekahi ke koho ʻana i nā ʻakika manuahi ʻole i ka bacteria. I loko o ka moʻo momona momona like, e emi ana ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ion hydrogen me ka piʻi ʻana o ka paona mole, akā piʻi ka hopena antibacterial, a hiki i kēia waiwai ke piʻi i ka liʻiliʻi i ka waikawa C12. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēlāʻakika formic Ua loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka pale ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi bacteria inā he 4 ka pH. Ua ana ka ʻenehana slope plate i ka hana antimicrobial oʻakika formic, a ua ʻike ʻo ia ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā maʻi i wae ʻia o Pediococcus a me Streptococcus i ka aʻakika formicpae o 4.5ml/kg. Akā naʻe,ʻaʻole i kāohi loaʻia ka lactobacilli (L. Buchneri L. Cesei a me L. platarum). Eia kekahi, ua hiki ke ulu i nā strains o Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilis, a me B. Brevis i 4.5ml/kg o ʻakika formic. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o 85 ʻakika formic(4ml/kg) a me 50 sulfuric acid (3ml/kg), i hoemi iho i ka pH o ka silage i na pae like, a ua ike i ka waika formic kaohi nui i ka hana o LAB (66g/kgDM ma formic acid group, 122 ma ka hui hoomalu. , 102 i loko o ka hui sulfuric acid), pēlā e mālama ai i ka nui o ka WSC (211g/kg i ka hui formic acid, 12 i ka hui hoʻomalu, 12 i ka hui waikawa). ʻO ka hui sulfuric acid he 64), hiki ke hāʻawi i kekahi mau kumu ikehu hou aʻe no ka ulu ʻana o nā microorganisms rumen. He hoʻomanawanui koʻikoʻi ko nā mea hūʻakika formic, a ua loaʻa ka heluna nui o kēia mau meaola i loko o ka silage maka i mālama ʻia me nā pae i manaʻo ʻiaʻakika formic. ʻAʻole makemake ʻia ka hele ʻana a me ka hana o ka hū i ka silage. Ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, hoʻoheheʻe ka hū i nā kō e loaʻa ai ka ikehu, hana i ka ethanol a hoʻemi i ka mea maloʻo.ʻakika formic Loaʻa i ka hopena inhibitory koʻikoʻi i ka Clostridium difficile a me ka bacteria intestinal, akā ʻo ka ikaika o ka hopena e pili ana i ka ʻike o ka waikawa i hoʻohana ʻia, a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.ʻakika formic paipai maoli i ka ulu ʻana o kekahi heterobacteria. Ma ke ano o ka inhibiting enterobacter, ka hoʻohui oʻakika formic ua emi ka pH, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka helu o ka enterobacter, akā ʻo ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka bacteria lactic acid i kāohi i ka enterobacter, no ka mea, ʻo ka hopena oʻakika formic ma ka enterobacter ua emi iho ma mua o ka lactic acid bacteria. Ua ʻike lākou i nā pae haʻahaʻa (3 a 4ml/kg) oʻakika formic hiki ke pale i ka bacteria lactic acid ma mua o ka enterobacter, e alakaʻi ana i nā hopena ʻino i ka fermentation; Kiʻekiʻe iki ʻakika formic Ua pale ka pae i ka Lactobacillus a me ka enterobacter. Ma o ke aʻo ʻana i ka ryegrass perennial me 360g/kg DM content, ua ʻike ʻiaʻakika formic (3.5g/kg) hiki ke hōʻemi i ka huina o nā microorganisms, akā he liʻiliʻi ka hopena i ka hana o ka bacteria lactic acid. Ua mālama ʻia nā pūʻolo nui o ka alfalfa (DM 25, DM 35, DM 40) silage me ka formic acid (4.0 ml/kg, 8.0ml/kg). Hoʻopili ʻia ka silage me clostridium a me Aspergillus flavus. Ma hope o 120 mau lā,ʻakika formic ʻAʻohe hopena i ka helu o ka clostridium, akā ua hoʻopau piha i ka mea hope.ʻakika formic paipai pū i ka ulu ʻana o Fusarium bacteria.

 2.3 Nā hopena oʻakika formicon silage composition Nā hopena oʻakika formic ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka silage me ka pae noi, nā ʻano mea kanu, ka pae ulu, DM a me WSC maʻiʻo, a me ke kaʻina hana silage.

I nā mea i ʻohi ʻia me ka flail kaulahao, haʻahaʻaʻakika formic ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka Clostridium, ka mea e pale ai i ka haki ʻana o nā protein, a hiki ke mālama pono ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka formic acid. Me nā mea ʻoki maikaʻi ʻia, mālama maikaʻi ʻia nā silage formic acid i mālama ʻia. ʻO nā mea i loko o DM, protein nitrogen a me lactic acid i lokoʻakika formicpūʻulu i hoʻonui ʻia, ʻoiai nā mea i loko oʻakika acetic a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nitrogen ammonia. Me ka mahuahua oʻakika formic ka noonoo ana,ʻakika acetic a emi iho ka lactic acid, hoʻonui ʻia ka WSC a me ka naikokene protein. I ka manawaʻakika formic (4.5ml/kg) i hoʻohui ʻia i ka alfalfa silage, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu, ua emi iki ka ʻike o ka lactic acid, hoʻonui ʻia ke kō soluble, a ʻaʻole i loli nui nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka manawa ʻakika formic ua hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea kanu i waiwai i ka WSC, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka fermentation lactic acid a mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka silage.ʻakika formic kaupalena ka hana ana oʻakika acetic a me ka waika lactic a mālama ʻia ʻo WSC. E hoʻohana i 6 pae (0, 0.4, 1.0,. Ryegrass-clover silage me DM maʻiʻo o 203g/kg i mālama ʻia meʻakika formic (85)o 2.0, 4.1, 7.7ml/kg. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua hoʻonui ʻia ka WSC me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae formic acid, ammonia nitrogen a me ka acetic acid ma ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, a hoʻonui mua ka ʻike o ka lactic acid a laila emi. Eia hou, uaʻikeʻia ka haʻawina i ka wā kiʻekiʻe (4.1 a me 7.7ml / kg) oʻakika formic ua hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo 211 a me 250g/kgDM ka WSC maʻiʻo, i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka WSC mua o ka silage maka (199g/kgDM). Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hydrolysis o polysaccharides i ka wā mālama. Nā hopena ʻO ka waika lactic,ʻakika acetic a me ka amonia nitrogen o ka silage i lokoʻakika formicʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hui ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o ka pūʻulu mana, akā he liʻiliʻi ka hopena i nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka bale āpau a me ka maile i ʻohi ʻia i ka wā oʻo ʻana i ka wax i mālama ʻia me 85 formic acid (0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.5mlkg-1), a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke kō i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka maile silage, ʻoiai nā mea o ka lactic acid, acetic acid a me ka waika. Ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nitrogen ammonia. ʻO ka maʻiʻo o ka lactic acid i ka bale silage i emi nui, ka amonia nitrogen a meʻakika acetic ua emi pū, akā ʻaʻole maopopo, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kō.

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Ua hōʻoia piha ka hoʻokolohua i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ʻakika formicHe mea maikaʻi ka silage no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana o ka mea maloʻo a me ka hana holoholona. Hoʻohuiʻakika formicHiki i ka silage ke hoʻonui i ka digestibility o ka mea olaola 7, ʻoiai ʻo ka wilting silage e hoʻonui wale i ka 2. Ke lawe ʻia ka digestibility ikehu, hoʻomaikaʻi ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa formic acid ma lalo o 2. Ma hope o ka nui o nā hoʻokolohua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka ʻikepili. ʻO ka digestibility organik ke ʻano ma muli o ka nalowale o ka fermentation. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka hoʻokolohua hānai ʻana he 71 ka nui o ke kaumaha o nā holoholona a he 27 ka nui o ke kaumaha o nā holoholona. ʻO ka hānai ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua me ka mauʻu a me ka waikawa formic i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me nā mea maka like i hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka silage ke hoʻonui i ka hua waiū o nā pipi waiu. ʻO ka hoʻonui pākēneka o ka hana maʻakika formic ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka mālama ʻana i ka hana waiū ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaumaha. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui o ka formic acid i nā mea kanu paʻakikī (e like me ka mauʻu wāwae moa, alfalfa) he hopena maopopo loa i ka hana holoholona. Nā hopena oʻakika formic ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka silage alfalfa (3.63 ~ 4.8ml / kg) i hōʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka digestibility organik, ka lawe ʻana i ka mea maloʻo a me ka loaʻa ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā o ka formic acid silage i nā pipi a me nā hipa i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o ka pūʻulu mana.

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hipa i kēlā me kēia lā i ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu i hōʻike i ka piʻi maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waika formic i nā mea kanu waiwai WSC me ka maʻi DM medium (190-220g / kg) ʻaʻohe hopena liʻiliʻi i ka hana holoholona. ʻO Ryegrass silage me formic acid (2.6ml/kg) i hana ʻia i ka hoʻokolohua hānai ʻana. ʻOiaiʻakika formic hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka paona 11 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mana, ʻaʻole nui ka ʻokoʻa. Ua like loa ka digestibility o na silage elua i ana i na hipa. ʻO ka hānai ʻana i ka palaka kulina i nā pipi waiu i hōʻike ʻia pēlāʻakika formicua hoʻonui iki ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea maloʻo silage, akā ʻaʻohe hopena i ka hana waiū. He liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu oformic acid silage. I ka hoʻokolohua o nā hipa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu metabolizable o ka mea maloʻo a me ka mālama pono o ka silage ma mua o ka mauʻu a me ka mauʻu i ʻohi ʻia i ʻekolu mau manawa ulu. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻohālikelike waiwai me ka mauʻu a me ka formic acid silage i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu metabolic i ka ikehu upena. Hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waiuma formic i ka mauʻu e pale i kāna protein.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka naikokene i loko o ka silage ka mālama ʻana i ka waika formic o ka mauʻu a me ka alfalfa, akā ʻaʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi i ka digestibility. ʻO ka helu degradation o ka ensilage nitrogen i mālama ʻia me ka formic acid i ka rumen ma kahi o 50 ~ 60 % o ka nui o ka nitrogen.

 Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua hoʻemi ʻia ka ikaika a me ka pono o ka formic acid silage i ka rumen synthesis o nā protein thallus. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka wikiwiki degradation o ka mea maloʻo i ka rumen meformic acid silage. ʻOiai hiki i ka silage formic acid ke hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana o ka ammonia, hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ka digestibility o nā protein i loko o ka rumen a me ka ʻōpū.

4. Huipuia hopena o ʻakika formic me nā huahana ʻē aʻe

 4.1ʻakika formic a hui ʻia ka formaldehyde i ka hana ʻana, a ʻakika formicHoʻohana wale ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka silage, he pipiʻi a ʻino; Ua ho'ēmiʻia ka digestibility a me ka mea maloʻo o nā holoholona i ka wā i mālamaʻia ai ka silage me ke kiʻekiʻe ʻakika formic. ʻO nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka formic acid e paipai i ka ulu ʻana o clostridium. Manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka formic acid a me formaldehyde me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he hopena maikaʻi aʻe. ʻO ka waika Formic ka mea nui e like me ka mea hoʻopale fermentation, ʻoiai ʻo formaldehyde e pale i nā protein mai ka over-decomposition i loko o ka rumen.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu mana, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā me kēia lā e 67 a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hua waiū ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waika formic a me ka formaldehyde. Hinks et al. (1980) i hana i kahi hui o ka rygrassʻakika formic silage (3.14g/kg) a me formic acid (2.86g/kg) -formaldehyde (1.44g/kg), a ana i ka digestibility o ka silage me na hipa, a alakai i ka hanai ana i na hoao me ka ulu pipi. Nā hopena ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻokoʻa o ka digestibility ma waena o nā ʻano silage ʻelua, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu metabolizable o formic-formaldehyde silage ma mua oformic acid silage hoʻokahi wale nō. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu metabolizable a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka silage formic-formaldehyde i kēlā me kēia lā ʻakika formic ʻO ka puaʻa wale nō i ka wā i hānai ʻia ai ka pipi a hoʻonui ʻia ka bale me 1.5 kg i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO kahi mea hoʻohui hui ʻia e pili ana i 2.8ml/kg oʻakika formic a ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka formaldehyde (ma kahi o 19g/kg o ka protein) ʻo ia ka hui maikaʻi loa i nā mea kanu.

4.2ʻakika formic hui pū ʻia me nā mea ola ola Ka hui ʻana oʻakika formic a me nā mea hoʻohui olaola hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ʻano meaʻai o ka silage. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mauʻu Cattail (DM 17.2) ma ke ʻano he mea maka, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka formic acid a me ka lactobacillus no ka silage. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hoʻonui ʻia ka hua bacteria lactic acid i ka wā mua o ka silage, kahi hopena maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka fermentation o nā microorganism maikaʻi ʻole. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻakika lactic hope o ka silage ma mua o ka silage maʻamau a me ka formic acid silage, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pae lactic acid e 50 ~ 90, ʻoiai nā mea o propyl, butyric acid a me ka amonia nitrogen i hoʻemi nui ʻia. . Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ratio o ka lactic acid i ka acetic acid (L/A), e hōʻike ana ua hoʻonui ka lactic acid bacteria i ka degere o ka fermentation homogeneous i ka wā silage.

5 Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma luna aʻe e pili ana ka nui kūpono o ka formic acid i ka silage i nā ʻano mea kanu a me nā wā ʻohi like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waika formic e hōʻemi i ka pH, ka maʻiʻo ammonia nitrogen, a mālama i nā sugars soluble. Eia naʻe, ka hopena o ka hoʻohuiʻakika formice aʻo hou ʻia e pili ana i ka digestibility o ka mea ola a me ka hana hana o nā holoholona.